KAIST 김정진 교수님의 서양음악사 - 3. 바로크 시대(Baroque Era)

클래식 음악의 실질적인 시초라고 할 수 있는 바로크 시대.
악기들이 태어나고, '형식'과 '이론'이 정리되고, '음악'이 종교를 떠난 시기. 또한 '기악'이 '성악'과 대등한 위치를 차지하게 된 시기.

악기의 관점에서 기존 악기들에 확장되고 분류된 시기이기도 하다. 현악기가 다양한 형태로 분리된 것도 이 시기이다.(Violin, Viola, Violoncello,  Double Bass)

피아노는 바로크시대의 막바지에 태어났기 때문에 아직은 주인공은 아닌 듯. 그당시 피아노를 대신해 주인공 역할을 했던 악기들은 오르간(Organ), 합시코드(Harsichord), 클라비코드(Clavichord), 챔발로(cembalo) 였는데, 다들 피아노보다 건반이 가벼워서 어려운 테크닉을 쉽게 구사할 수 있었다. 또 오르간을 제외한 녀석들은 모두 sustain이 약해서 이를 보완하기 위한 꾸밈음(Ornament - trill, turns)이 이 시대의 한가지 특징으로 자리 잡는다.

신기하게 느낀 것은 바로크 음악의 특징 중 하나가 즉흥연주(improvisation, cadenza)라는 점이다. 즉흥연주는 재즈의 시대에 와서나 완성된 것인 줄로만 알았던 나에게는 정말 신선한 이야기였다. 오히려 시대가 지나면서 이러한 즉흥연주가 악보에 쓰여지고 정형화 되어 갔다고 한다. 그러고 보면 재즈곡 악보들 중에도 천재(?) 연주가들의 녹음된 즉흥연주 부분까지 그대로 옮겨 놓고 따라하는 경우가 있으니 비슷한 흐름이라고 볼 수 있을까?

바로크 시대의 거장 3명은 바흐(Bach), 비발디(Vibaldi), 헨델(Handel).

바흐는 오르간 연주자로서 정말 열심히 공부를 하는 작곡가였다. 여러 나라의 다양한 음악을 접할 수 있는 기회가 어렵고, 악보마져 구하기 여러웠던 그시절 악보를 옮기는 일을 해가면서 음악 공부를 했다고 한다. 그리고 토카타(Toccata), 푸가(Fugue) 등의 형식을 완성하였다. 무반주 첼로곡(Cello Unaccompanied Suite) 역시 기존과 다른 새로운 형식을 보여주었는데, 정말 여러나라의 음악들의 집합체라고 할 수 있다. 특히 작품 번호 1번 G의 Prelude는 광고 등에도 많이 나와 우리 귀에 익숙하다.
사실 바흐는 헨델과는 달리 그당시에는 그렇게 인지도가 높지는 않았다고 한다. 바흐는 음악가로서 뿐만 아니라, 검소하고, 삶에 충실했던 훌륭한 아버지로도 기억해달라는 교수님의 코멘트.

이 시기에 또 한가지 재미있는 점은 우리가 종교개혁가로만 알고 있었던 마틴 루터도 음악사에 중요한 역할을 했다는 점이다.
단음으로 구성된 그레고리안 찬트가 마틴 루터에 의해 드디어 화음으로 구성된 Martin Luther Corale로 발전했다는 것이다. 수학자로만 알고 있었던 고대 피타고라스가 사실은 음악을 통해 진리를 연구했던 것처럼 마틴 루터 역시 음악사에 중요한 한 획을 그은 샘이다.

교수님의 수업에서는 바이올린에 얽힌 재미있는 이야기들도 많이 해 주셨는데....그 이야기는 번외로.....

Listening List

□ Bach

1.Cello Unaccompanied Suite No.1 in G, BWV 1007

2.Cello Unaccompanied Suite No.5 in C minor, BWV 1011

1. 16. Suite Nr.5 BWV 1011 c-moll - II. Allemande.mp3
2. 17. Suite Nr.5 BWV 1011 c-moll - III. Courante.mp3

3.Orchestra Suite No.1 in C major - Overture

4.Fantasia in B minor, BWV 563

5.Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 565

□ Handel

1.A Sacred Oratorio 'Messiah' Alleluia (헨델, '메시아' 중에서 '알렐루야' '우리를 위해 아기가 태어나셨도다')

2.Concerto Grosso

□ Vivaldi

1.Four Seasons 'Winter'

***The Baroque Era

Music composed between approximate 1600 to 1750 ...

What makes a piece of baroque music Baroque?Basically four things :

1. Grand passions

2. Contrast

3. Playing Freedom against Structure

4. Ornateness - ornamentation (trills, turns),improvisation(cadenza)

filled up the space between notes...

With music had itsrules and structure and a composer showed his artistry within those limits, butthere were often also whole sections of improvisatory "free" passagesthat a composer only suggested to the performer through the barelist outlinesuch as a recitativo (a style of vocal music that imitated the rhythms of sppech)or a fantasia(an improved solo instrumental piece).

 

During the Baroque era, composers began writingmusic with particular instrument in mind-Violin, oboe..._and tailoring thepieces to fit the technical capabilities and tone color of that particularinstrument.

 

Even so, music was often played once and then discarded.The music of the Baroque was constantly changing, never static, and often asurprise.

 

 

*Martin Luther Chorale ( Lutheran Chorale)

Luther and his fellow reformers created the firstchorales by adopting tunes from Gregorian chant, from popular sources, and fromsecular art music.

Originally sung in unison, these hymns soon writtenin four-part harmony to be sung by choir. In this way, the chorales greatelystrengthened the trend to clear-cut melody supported by chords(homophonictexture).

In elaborated vocal works that were sung in theprotestant church service, the chorale served as a unifying thread. When at theclose of an extended work the chorale sounded in simple four-part harmony, itsgrantic strength reflected the faith of a notation.

"Thechorale nourished centuries of German music and came to full flower in the artof Bach"

*** Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)

During his lifetime, the German composer Bach was one of greatest religious artists in history. He believed that music must serve "the glory of God." Through the Lutheran hymn tunes known as chorales, the most composer of the age produced words that spoke for an entire faith.

His Music

The prime medium for Bach's talents was the Organ, and during his life he was known primarily as a virtupso organist. Since he was devout Lutheran, the chorale

prelude (a short organ piece based on the embellishment of a chorale tune) was central to his output.

In the fiels of keyboard music, Bach's most important work is The Well-Tempered Clavier. The forty-eight preludes and fugues have been called the pianist's Old Testament. The well tempered clavier progresses through all keys, major and minor, and the pieces are often used as "etudes"(teaching pieces used to develop technical skill), resulting in ill-tempered young music students everywhere.

Toward the end of Bach's life he composed the Art of Fugue, it is considered a masterpiece of musical architecture.

Those works reveal the master at the height of his contrapuntal wizardry.

 

*** Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)

The Italian composer Vivaldi was employed for most of his adult life as teacher, composer and conductor. Vivaldi's music was very popular in his lifetime but he was quickly forgotten after his death and was only rediscovered when researcher found that Bach had admired his work.

But Vivaldi occupies a well-deserved place in music history through his refinement of the Concerto form.

 

*** George Frideric Handel (1685-1759)

 

German born composer who wrote world's best-known piece of music "Allelujah"

chorus from his oratorio, Messiah. He stayed Italy in order to learn style of opera where he became well-versed in the operatic style and achived considerable success. Later he moved to London became a citizen and lived the rest of his life.

His oratorios and other works were successful. Largely neglected after his death, but his works are now frequentely performed, and he is recognize as the great dramatist. Only thing he didn't write was Chamber Music.